El estructuralismo es un enfoque filosófico que trata, de un modo, afrontar las ciencias humanas, de analizar un campo específico como un sistema complejo de partes relacionadas entre sí, como decía Roman Jakobson. Por tanto, en términos amplios y básicos el estructuralismo busca las estructuras a través de las cuales se produce el significado dentro de una cultura. De acuerdo con esta teoría, el significado es producido y reproducido a través de varias prácticas, fenómenos y actividades que sirven como sistemas de significación (estudiando cosas tan diversas como la preparación de la comida y rituales para servirla, ritos religiosos, juegos, textos literarios y no literarios, formas de entretenimiento


 Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm in sociology, anthropology, linguistics and semiotics positing that elements of human culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure. It works to uncover the structures that underlie all the things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel. Alternatively, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn, Structuralism is "the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract culture


 El generativismo es un modelo de gramática que tiene unas reglas y principios específicos para que el hablante pueda comprender, hablar y producir todas las oraciones de su propia lengua. Se caracteriza por ser una escuela opuesta al estructuralismo americano de Bloomfield. Aquí se muestran las relaciones sintagmáticas, es decir las funciones gramaticales como concordancia y función de las palabras. Por otra parte, por medio del generativismo Chomsky trata de demostrar porque el conductismo es erróneo.


Formally, a generative grammar is defined as one that is fully explicit. It is a finite set of rules which are based on a subconscious set of procedures that can be applied to generate all those and only those sentences (often, but not necessarily, infinite in number) that are grammatical in a given language. This is the definition that is offered by Noam Chomsky, who invented the term, and by most dictionaries of linguistics. Generate is being used as a technical term with a particular sense. To say that a grammar generates a sentence means that the grammar "assigns a structural description" to the sentence


El funcionalismo es caracterizado por el utilitarismo otorgado a las acciones que deben sostener el orden establecido en las sociedades, es una corriente teórica surgida en Inglaterra en los años 1930 en las ciencias sociales, especialmente en sociología y también de antropología social. La teoría está asociada a Émile Durkheim y, más recientemente, a Talcott Parsons además de muchos otros autores como Herbert Spencer y Robert Merton. El funcionalismo se caracteriza por un enfoque empirista que preconiza las ventajas del trabajo de campo. En este sentido, los teóricos funcionalistas identifican en sus textos comunicación con comunicación de masas porque esa es la realidad de la sociedad moderna. Hasta el siglo XIX, la mayoría de las labores se realizaban en un gabinete, mediante relatos sesgados de viajeros.


Functional theories of grammar are those approaches to the study of language that see the functions of language and its elements to be the key to understanding linguistic processes and structures. Functional theories of language propose that since language is fundamentally a tool, it is reasonable to assume that its structures are best analyzed and understood with reference to the functions they carry out. Functional theories of grammar differ from formal theories of grammar, in that the latter seeks to define the different elements of language and describe the way they relate to each other as systems of formal rules or operations, whereas the former defines the functions performed by language and then relates these functions to the linguistic elements that carry them out. This means that functional theories of grammar tend to pay attention to the way language is actually used in communicative context, and not just to the formal relations between linguistic elements


subsistema linguistico
Todas las lenguas constituyen sistemas que, a su vez, se organizan en subsistemas, a los que suele llamarse planos lingüísticos: el fónico, el gramatical o morfosintáctico y el léxico-semántico. Los describiremos brevemente, delimitando las unidades que el análisis lingüístico encuentra en cada uno de ellos.


Linguistics sub-systems
All languages are systems that, in turn, are organized into subsystems, which is usually called linguistic levels: phonetic, grammatical or morphosyntactic and lexical-semantic. The briefly described, defining the linguistic analysis units in each.
ww.asocae.org http://www.cultureduca.com/leng_ling_lengverb08.php


La Fonología es la rama de la lingüística que estudia los sistemas fónicos de las lenguas, frente a la articulación física del lenguaje (Fonética). Entre la gran variedad de sonidos que puede emitir un hablante, es posible reconocer los que representan el 'mismo' sonido, aunque las formas de pronunciarlo resulten distintas desde el punto de vista acústico; a la vez se pueden distinguir los sonidos que señalan una diferencia de significado


Phonics is the branch of linguistics that studies the phonetic systems of languages, from physical articulation of language (phonetics). Among the variety of sounds that can emit a speaker, you may recognize that represent the 'same' sound, although various forms of pronouncing resulting from the acoustic point of view; while one can distinguish the sounds that indicate a difference in meaning
http://www.salonhogar.com/espanol/lenguaje/lengua/FONOLOGIA.htm


Se denomina función sintáctica al papel que desempeña una palabra o morfema o constituyente sintáctico dentro de una construcción sintáctica que la incluye o, más precisamente, a las relaciones de combinación o relaciones sintagmáticas que una palabra mantiene con los demás vocablos de un contexto


It is called syntactic function to the role a word or morpheme or syntactic constituent in a syntactic construction that includes or, more precisely, relations syntagmatic combination or a word has with other words in a context.
http://es.wikipedia.org


La Semántica es la parte de la Lengua que se ocupa del significado de las palabras, los enunciados y los textos. Y el conjunto de palabras que posee una lengua se denomina léxico y lo encontramos recopilado en los diccionarios


Semantics is the part of language that deals with the meaning of words, sentences and texts. And the set of words that has a language called lexicon and found in dictionaries compiled.
http://contenidos.educarex.es/mci/2003/46/html/teoria_semantica.HTML


Describir es explicar, de forma detallada y ordenada, cómo son las personas, los lugares o los objetos. La descripción sirve sobre todo para ambientar la acción y crear una atmósfera que haga más creíbles los hechos que se narran. Muchas veces, las descripciones contribuyen a detener la acción y preparar el escenario de los hechos que siguen.


Describe is to explain, in detail, orderly, how are the people, places or objects. The description serves mainly to acclimate action and create an atmosphere that makes more credible the events described. Often, descriptions help stop the action and set the stage for the events that follow
http://roble.pntic.mec.es/msanto1/lengua/1descrip.htm



El prescriptivismo lingüístico o normativismo lingüístico consiste en establecimiento de reglas para uso de una lengua. A veces, a estos cánones se les considera obligatorios para los usuarios: ya sean hablantes o escritores; otras ocasiones, sólo como recomendaciones.


In linguistics, prescription or prescriptivism is the practice of championing one variety or manner of speaking of a language against another. It may imply a view that some forms are incorrect, improper, illogical, lack communicative effect, or are of low aesthetic value.^[1] Sometimes it is based in linguistic purism.


Logical positivism asserts that structural semantics is the study of relationships between the meanings of terms within a sentence, and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements


a theory of generative grammar holding that the deep structure of a sentence is equivalent to its semantic representation, from which the surface structure can then be derived using only one set of rules that relate underlying meaning and surface form rather than separate sets of semantic and syntactic rules.





Born in Philadelphia on December 7, 1928, Noam Chomsky was an intellectual prodigy who went on to earn a PhD in linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania. Since 1955, he has been a professor at MIT and has produced groundbreaking, controversial theories on human linguistic capacity. Chomsky is widely published, both on topics in his field and on issues of dissent and U.S. foreign policy.

Early life

Noam Chomsky was a brilliant child, and his curiosities and intellect were kindled greatly by his early experiences. Born in Philadelphia on December 7, 1928, Chomsky felt the weight of America's Great Depression. By the age of 10, while attending a progressive school that emphasized student self-actualization, Chomsky had written a student newspaper editorial on the rise of fascism in Europe after the Spanish Civil War. Amazingly, his story was substantially researched enough to be the basis for a later essay he would present at New York University.

Chomsky’s current political views spring from this type of lived-experience stance, positing that all people can understand politics and economics and make their own decisions, and that authority ought to be tested before being deemed legitimate and worthy of power.

Undergraduate

Just as World War II was coming to a close, Chomsky began his studies at the University of Pennsylvania. He found little use for his classes until he met Zellig S. Harris, an American scholar touted for discovering structural linguistics (breaking language down into distinct parts or levels). Chomsky was moved by what he felt language could reveal about society. Harris introduced Chomsky to Nathan Fine, a Harvard mathematician, and two philosophers, Nelson Goodman and Nathan Salmon. Although an industrious student of Goodman, Chomsky drastically disagreed with his approach. Goodman believed the human mind was a blank slate, whereas Chomsky believed the basic concepts of language were innate in every human’s mind and then only influenced by one’s syntactical environment.

As a professor, he introduced transformational grammar to the field. His theory asserts that languages are innate and that the differences we see are only due to parameters developed over time in our brains, helping to explain why children are able to learn different languages more easily than adults.

Chomsky continued at the University of Pennsylvania and executed some of his research and writing at Harvard University. His dissertation eventually explored several linguistic ideas he would soon lay out in one of his best-known books on linguistics,Syntactic Structures (1957).

The formalism of context-free grammars was developed in the mid-1950s by Noam Chomsky, and also their classification as a special type of formal grammar (which he called phrase-structure grammars).

Formal language theory, the discipline which studies formal grammars and languages, is a branch of applied mathematics. Its applications are found in theoretical computer science, theoretical linguistics, formal semantics, mathematical logic, and other areas.

The linguistic formalism derived from Chomsky can be characterized by a focus on innate universal grammar (UG), and a disregard for the role of stimuli. The formalist propositions regarding innateness and stimuli do fit extensively with the cognitive opposition to behaviouristic psychology

Ferdinand de Saussure (Ginebra, Suiza, 26 de noviembre de 1857 – ibídem, 22 de febrero de 1913) fue un lingüista suizo, cuyas ideas sirvieron para el inicio y posterior desarrollo del estudio de la lingüística moderna en el siglo XX. Se le conoce como el padre de la "lingüística estructural" del siglo XX, traicionando a su maestro August Leskien. También inició la Escuela de Ginebra dentro de las llamadas "Escuelas Estructuralistas". Un grupo lingüista continuó su labor. Pese a esto, muchos lingüistas y filósofos consideran que sus ideas estaban fuera de tiempo.

Ferdinand de Saussure (/sɔːˈsʊr/ or /soʊˈsʊr/; 26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist and semiotician whose ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments both in linguistics and semiology in the 20th century.  He is widely considered one of the fathers of 20th-century linguistics and one of two major fathers (together with Charles Sanders Peirce) of semiotics/semiology.